Discriminant Analysis Using Gabor Filter Sets for Lobular Endocervical Glandular Hyperplasia: Numerical Interpretation of Nuclear Atypia by Gabor Filter Features.

INTRODUCTION: Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a benign lesion; however, it is considered to be the origin of gastric-type adenocarcinoma in the uterine cervix, and early diagnosis is important. At Shinshu University Hospital, screening of LEGH cells is based on the difference in color tone of cytoplasmic mucin on Papanicolaou staining and detection of gastric mucin using HIK1083-labeled latex agglutination assay. However, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish LEGH cells with subtle nuclear atypia from endocervical (EC) cells. METHODS: We calculated the Gabor filter features (mean signal value, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis) from the nuclei of cytological specimens in EC cells (37 cases) and LEGH cells (33 cases) using microscopic images, and we performed statistical analysis and discriminant analysis by linear support vector machine (LSVM) using these features. A Gabor filter is a linear filter defined as a mathematical representation of the mammalian visual system. Gabor filters with three wavelengths and eight angles were used for analysis. RESULTS: Gabor filter features in EC cells were higher than in LEGH cells, demonstrating that the gradient of LEGH cell nuclei was milder than that of EC cell nuclei. The accuracy calculated using all Gabor filters was 91.0% and the accuracy of four Gabor filters (λ = 2/3π and θ = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°) was 88.9%. High accuracy with low computation costs was achieved by reducing the number of features used for LSVM. CONCLUSION: The application of a Gabor filter with convolutional processing resulted in the edges of LEGH cells being slightly rough and thick, whereas those of EC cells were fine and thin. Thus, it is thought that the frequency of abrupt gradients of pixels was higher in EC cells than in LEGH cells, and the gradient of chromatin distribution in LEGH cell nuclei was milder than that in EC cell nuclei. It was possible to evaluate nuclear findings of EC and LEGH cells objectively by quantifying morphological features of nuclei using Gabor filters. It was possible to differentiate EC cells from LEGH cells using LSVM using Gabor filter features.

Discriminant analysis and interpretation of nuclear chromatin distribution and coarseness using gray-level co-occurrence matrix features for lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a disease considered to be the origin of tumorigenesis of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma, which has characteristic expression in the gastric pyloric mucosa. It is difficult to diagnose by nuclear findings because of lower nuclear atypia. In this study, nuclei of endocervical (EC) and LEGH cells were digitized, and nuclear information was quantified from nuclear images and objectively evaluated using a computer. We examined whether it is possible to distinguish between EC and LEGH cells, which is difficult by human eyes. METHODS: Signal intensity, morphological features, Otsu thresholding technique and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features were calculated from nuclei of EC and LEGH cells on cytology microscopic images. Then, discriminant analysis was performed using the significant difference test and linear support vector machine (LSVM). RESULTS: GLCM features in LEGH cells were higher than those in EC cells. The nuclei of LEGH cells had a higher frequency of signal value pairs with a larger signal value difference than that of EC cells. Therefore, LEGH cell nuclei are thought to have more chromatin granules, and the chromatin is coarse and granular. Moreover, in the LSVM discriminant analysis, the accuracy of GLCM calculated using these features was 85.4%. CONCLUSION: In this study, GLCM accurately demonstrated the nuclear chromatin distribution and coarseness. Discriminant analysis of EC and LEGH cells using GLCM features is useful.

Two cases of acute pneumococcal purulent arthritis.

We present two adult cases of pneumococcal severe arthritis one case with, and other case without pericarditis those occurred in one season. Both cases eventually recovered, and the isolated S. pneumoniae strains were serotype 12F and penicillin susceptible. The patients were not elderly and had no medical history including pneumonia and vaccination. Although S. pneumoniae is a relatively rare causative pathogen of arthritis and/or pericarditis recently, a greater number of cases may be expected as a result of serotype conversion due to the increased use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Japan.

[A case of lung tuberculosis showing no chest radiograph findings with recurrent hemoptysis].

A 59-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of hemoptysis. A chest X-ray film and 7 mm-slice CT scan showed no abnormal finding. Bronchoscopy revealed hemorrhage in the right upper bronchus (B1a) Bronchial lavage of the lesion was performed, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis was not detected. Because of repeated hemoptysis, he was admitted to our hospital. Right bronchial artery angiograph showed vascular hyperplasia in the peripheral part of the upper lobal branch, and this lesion was suggested to be a bleeding point. There were no vascular malformations. Thin slice (0.5 mm-thick) CT scan showed mild infiltrative shadow in the right upper lobe. After admission, sputa smear for mycobacteria and PCR for M. tuberculosis became positive, and he was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. After starting antituberculous chemotherapy, hemoptysis disappeared, and sputa smear and culture for mycobacteria converted to negative. This case suggests that lung tuberculosis should be suspected in patients having hemoptysis, even though they had no chest X-ray film abnormality.